"The paper focuses on the costs of cross-border payments across three payment channels: traditional banks, fintech money transfer operators (MTOs) and stablecoin-based transfers. There are three sets of findings. First, fintech money transfer operators (MTOs) substantially reduce cross-border payment costs relative to traditional retail bank wires. In our small sample of bank transactions, FX markups range from approximately 2 to 4.7%, even for highly liquid currencies and before accounting for explicit wire fees."